Fish By-Product Collagen Extraction Using Different Methods and Their Application.

The processing of fishery resources results in the production of a growing quantity of byproducts, including heads, skins, viscera, intestines, frames, and fillet cutoffs. These byproducts are either wasted or utilized for the production of low-value items and fish oil. Typically, fish processing industries use only 25%, while the remaining 75% is considered as waste by-products. This review presents a comprehensive review on the extraction of collagen from fish byproducts, highlighting numerous techniques including acid-soluble collagen (ASC), enzyme-soluble collagen (ESC), ultrasound extraction, deep eutectic solvent (DES) extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). A detailed explanation of various extraction parameters such as time, temperature, solid to liquid (S/L) ratio, and solvent/pepsin concentration is provided, which needs to be considered to optimize the collagen yield. Moreover, this review extends its focus to a detailed investigation of fish collagen applications in the biomedical sector, food sector, and in cosmetics. The comprehensive review explaining the extraction methods, extraction parameters, and the diverse applications of fish collagen provides a basis for the complete understanding of the potential of fish-derived collagen. The review concludes with a discussion of the current research and a perspective on the future development in this research field.

Attitude and perception of COVID-19 vaccines in healthcare workers.

Introduction: Till date, there is no particular medicine that has shown minimum impact on COVID-19 cases and mortality and prevention by vaccination remains the only option. Objective: This study aims to explore knowledge, attitude, and practices of healthcare workers (HCWs) toward COVID-19 vaccine. Material and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study done on HCWs. Both online (Google forms) and offline, the study questionnaire was distributed. The questionnaire was validated and consisted of knowledge, attitude, and perception about COVID-19 questions. Results: A total of 300 HCWs were included in the study. A total of 144 (48%) of the HCWs were aged between 18 and 30 years. In addition, 191 (63.34%) participants were willing to take any COVID-19 vaccine while 20 (6.67%) are not sure of taking vaccine. A total of 208 (69.34%) felt that COVID-19 vaccine will limit the spread of infection to family members. Furthermore, 225 (75%) felt that family physicians' decision is important to take a decision on vaccination, whereas 199 (66.33%) avail COVID-19 information from government sources. Moreover, 264 (88%) felt that success will depend on general peoples' acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination. Furthermore, 77 (25.67%) said that they will not be taking COVID-19 vaccine because of side effects, 229 (76.33%) felt that vaccine safety is important, and 144 (48%) are not sure if vaccination will end the COVID 19 pandemic. Discussion: Challenges to motivate HCWs, family physician, and general population needs to be undertaken by focusing on factors like information and education, vaccine side effects, and availability of the vaccine. These all should be highlighted so that maximum population gets immunized.